Drawing from the K303 materials critically discuss the issues, challenges and benefits in involving the service user to shape and develop services Essay

Involving the service user in shaping services continues to be an important activity within government policy. Drawing from the K303 materials critically discuss the issues, challenges and benefits in involving the service user to shape and develop services. Introduction Health and social care services strive to maintain, increase people’s wellbeing and provide the best care practice to individuals and the community. However, discrepancies arise because generalisations about what people need and how services should operate is still an everyday issue that affects the provision of services. People’s circumstances and opinions differ from one another despite having similar needs on the surface. Therefore, different kinds of support are expected. That is the main reason why people need to become participants in designing and shaping care services. When it comes to user’s involvement, policies have shaped the way social services are delivered as they represent an essential framework to the implementation of consistent and quality practices. As a result, it is utmost for frontline managers and healthcare professionals to adhere to them. However, this process is not straight forward and difficulties emerge (Book 1, pp. 27-28). This essa y will explore the issues, challenges and benefits of engaging service users in shaping and developing services. In order to do this, I will attempt to define the terms policy and service user involvement. Subsequently, I will identify the barriers faced by managers; discuss ways to overcome these challenges. And finally, the benefits of service user involvement will be identified. Policy and Practice Policy can be defined as a plan of action adopted by a person, group or government (Collins Language, 2011). In the history of health and social care, service providers have been influenced by the legacy of paternalism that developed in Victorian times. However, it was only until the 1970 s when emphasis on participation and service user involvement took placed. Through the years, the growing significance of service user involvement helped to eradicate the paternalist approach previously adopted by the government and service providers. Thus, generating a partnership-based  approach. Service user involvement or participation is listening to what people say about the services to have an impact on the way they are delivered. This has also become a key feature of government policies (Book1, p.28). In the course materials, Jane Rees made reference to this statement by emphasizing that ensuring genuine service user involvement was fundamental to her managing role at Redcar and Cleveland MIND (K303, DVD1, Band 2). It is also important to mention that service user involvement derives from two approaches –consumerist and democratic. The first approach refers to service users as customers and consumers of welfare much as they are consumers of other products. This approach, mainly developed by the state, aims to improve efficiency, economy and effectiveness of organisations and services. By drawing on the ideas and experience of service users, it is possible to improve management and decision making (Leggett et al, 1999, quoted in Course Reader, p.22). On the other hand, the democratic/citizenship approach is related to people as citizens as it was developed by users of health and social care services. This model has to do with enabling people to have more input over what happens to them in order to bring about direct change in their lives through both collective and individual action (Priestly, 1999, quoted in Course Reader, p. 22). Why is it important to adhere to policies? And what are the consequences of not adhering to them? Recognition of the importance of service user involvement is at a higher level. Service user’s view are becoming accepted by the government as an important element of evidenced based practice and a critical component when assessing the performance of health and social care agencies (DoH2000b; Scottish Office,1999, quoted in Book1, p.29). User involvement or participation is a complex, heavily politicised and value-based activity that can be related to basic ideas of best practice. At the same time, the experience developed by organisations, service users and supportive providers provides a source of principles for good practice. Although they do not guarantee success they do impact those who ignore them (Course Reader, p 24). It could be mentioned that one of the outcomes of not adhering to policies is the move away from considering the service user’s satisfaction. When an organisation does not take into account the views of the service user’s it will find itself open to criticism and it is  likely to be told to make changes (Stallard, 2011). For example, ignoring the views of service users who are involved in services again their wishes such as adults sectioned under the Mental Health Act 1983 (DoH, 2007) or the right of young people and children to be consulted about their views under the Children Act 1989 (DoH 2001c, quoted in Book1, p.41) could prevent valuable understanding regarding the fairness and equality of the service user’s involvement process. Also, difficulties when measuring and monitoring the quality of the services offered can be encountered when organisations and managers do not adhere to policies. Consequently, this could lead to the miss of any practice that needs to be highlighted or resolved. Moreover, not adhering to policies prevents social care organisations from being inclusive and developing a partnership with people who use the services. This has a direct effect on carers and service users as their right to have a voice and express their individual view is denied (Book1, p.37). Issues, challenges and benefits Issues Frontline staff and managers need to bear in mind that their daily job objective is to maintain a person’s well-being and quality of life. However, that is not an easy task. Taking into consideration that user involvement is paramount to develop good care practices; it is also possible to establish that many difficulties arise when this approach is put into practice. The first issue to be considered is the amount of time it takes to manage and apply the integration of service user’s views into all phases of the social care process and, not as a ‘one off’ consultation session. As an example, considering, listening and understanding children and young people’s views about their lives as well as other people who could help is a time consuming process where preparation is the key. Albeit, preparation requires time; therefore the process can result on management exercising pressure on staff to meet time deadlines. Thus, making the procedure more difficult for practitioners and service users (Book1, p. 37) Another matter that could affect the way the service is provided has to do with power dynamics. Put simply, whether managers are ready to work in conjunction with service users instead of for them and to adopt a practice-led approach (Book1,p. 37). This means that practice could be seen as a joint product where the service users  can contribute at all stages or as long as they wish to (Course Reader, p. 24). However, this may lead to power issues as managers or owners of private social care agencies might face difficulties in relation to the shift of power, resources and engaging service users successfully. On the other hand, service users may not wish to participate or are sceptical of manager’s motives (Book1, p. 37). It could also be argued that the shift of power could place the managers into a position where they feel have little power to empower people. As a result, service users may feel powerless in front of professionals and organisations and this could prevent them from willing to participate (SCIE, 2011). Other inconsistencies may be the concerns expressed b y managers in regards to service user’s expectations as these could be unrealistic, unattainable and unsatisfactory which can result in difficulties to decide appropriate aims(Book1, pp. 37-38).On top of that, managers attitudes towards the service users competence in making decisions can affect the relationship between both parties. Managers may fear saying the wrong thing, exposing the service user’s lack of knowledge or being encountered by with anger or criticism (Harding and Oldman, 1996; Morris, 1994, quoted in Book1, p. 38). Furthermore, it is also worth to mention that in the mainstream of service users involvement to decide ‘who to involve’ represents a dilemma as well. A manager might want to find a ‘representative’ service user. However, this imposes great difficulties due to several reasons such as the diversity of service users groups in terms of culture, race, sexuality and in some cases age (older people or young groups) and different disabilities. On top of that, minority groups, for instance, can feel marginalised as they may feel under or unrepresented in the participation process. It could also be mentioned that marginalisation can occur due to lack of knowledge about user participation too (SCIE, 2011). Challenges As a result of participation challenges have emerged for both managers and service users. Firstly, elements such as time, support and financial costs represent a challenge for managers. To address these issues, it is necessary to recognise that it is imperative to allow sufficient time and support help to build trust between managers and service users. Support refers to the  provision of any help, encouragement, skills and assistant (Course Reader, p.27) Moreover, minimising the costs of participation for service users by paying for their time and travelling expenses could be appropriate. A budget should be allocated to finance the costs of those service users who have a real commitment to participate (Course Reader, p. 26). Secondly, managers encounter challenges in regards to monitoring and evaluating techniques. For example, sending questionnaires to service users is a good way to get feedback. However, a problem is experienced when questionnaires are not returned. A possible solution to this problem would be to ask the service users to fill the questionnaires at the end of a meeting, for example, to ensure they come back or to make a commitment to collect feedback. Thirdly, it is worth to mention that even when service groups reunite with professionals it doesn’t necessarily mean that there is proactive participation. In some cases, participants don’t contribute to the communication process. This could be triggered by services filing away reports about what people said. As people do not get to see the information they do not know what has been said by others or if any changes have been made. Consequently, they are reluctant to have an input as they may feel their opinions are not taken into account (Course Reader, p. 30).A course of action could be to write reports and provide feedback to user groups. These reports should inform what changes have been made in relation to the information given as well as an explanation to why chan ges have not been made (Course Reader, p. 30). Benefits Participation provides exclusive advantages for managers, service users and carers. Among the benefits for managers is the acquisition of new knowledge and experience obtained from service user’s engagement. This knowledge could help managers to understand (or improve) the different methods for involving service users and carers in the individual decision making. Moreover, this could prove to be beneficial for the development of an organisation’s structure when it comes to making changes or improving services that are being delivered. The benefits for service users and carers can be associated not only to an individual level but to a community level as well. That is to say, service users and carers can benefit on a personal level by  increasing confidence as they get to know their rights and how to access services. Service users can also take part in planning care that fulfills their individual needs. Moreover, carers might improve their skills and gain job satisfacti on as they are delivering better tailored care. They can also develop the necessary skills, experience and knowledge regarding the importance of participation trough training (Course Reader, p. 44). Conclusion Health and social care services policies have changed through the years. Current policies emphasise on the implementation of consistent and quality practices through service user involvement. Nevertheless, as there is no single user’s view managers face a series of practical issues and challenges when implementing participation. To tackle these problems, managers must find methods to address these challenges effectively. By doing this, what is considered a challenge can be turned into a series of benefits as successful user involvement proves to be a useful tool to identify issues, make changes and improve the service provided. References Collins Language (2011) [online] http://www.collinslanguage.com/results.aspx?context=3&reversed=False&action=define&homonym=1&text=policy (Accessed 3rd November, 2011) Department of Health (2007) Mental Health Act 1983[online] http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/publicationsandstadistics/legislation/Actsandbills/DH_4002034 (Accessed 17th November, 2011) Stallard, D. (5th November, 2011, 14:07) ‘Block 1Forum Activity’, forum message to K303 2011. The Open University (2003) K303, Managing Care in Context, DVD 1, Band 2 ‘A meeting of Minds’, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University (2003) K303, Managing Care in Context, Chapter 2, ‘What service users say about services: the implications for managers’, Unit 2.1 ‘Introduction’, Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University (2003) K303, Managing Care in Context, Chapter 2.

A Glance At To Kill A Mockingbird English Literature Essay

Artlessness is a characteristic easy thrown off and replaced by society ‘s evilness. In the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee, artlessness has been ignored and replaced in many ways. Mockingbirds are guiltless and do music, but when you kill them the music stops, such as Boo Radley is misunderstood, Scout was attacked, being exposed to evil every bit good as forced to turn up, and Tom Robinson being stereotyped taking him into persecution. Boo Radley is like a mocker because he is misunderstood and everyone seems to assail him when in fact he is really a human being, merely making out for person, Scout was exposed to the immorality of world which had forced her to turn up faster to oppugn the society. Another mocker would Tom Robinson once more guiltless, but due to stereotypes, he ended up acquiring persecuted by the racist jury ‘s determination. Lookout is a mocking bird in its purest signifier ; she ne'er meaningfully hurts anyone, and she is an guiltless, five twelvemonth old miss who has no experience with the immoralities of the universe. Scout ‘s artlessness was taken off from her by Miss. Caroline invariably picking on her for cognizing how to read, doing her intelligence seem like a bad thing to cognize for her age. Her artlessness is best described when Miss. Caroline says â€Å" Your male parent does non cognize how to learn. You can hold a place now. † â€Å" I mumbled that I was regretful and retired chew overing upon my offense. † ( page 5 ) This demonstrates that although the offense accused of was non a big one, she was still excusatory towards Miss. Caroline, alternatively of speaking back in any contemptuous mode. Scout learns easy throughout the novel, the faces of the universe. Through those faces she is forced to associate Atticus ‘ instructions to the universe of Maycomb, includi ng her illustrations of Boo as individual. In the terminal Scout realizes, that Boo is one of the Mockingbirds that Atticus would speak about, where she says â€Å" when they eventually saw him, why he had n't done any of those thingsA †¦ Atticus, he was existent nice, † to which he responds, â€Å" Most people are, Scout, when you eventually see them. † ( page 281 ) With the consistence of Scout acquiring in problem by many people of Maycomb, Scout is forced to turn up after confronting important faces by Tom Robinson ‘s test, and the image of Boo turning out to be false. Maycomb society finds it hard to accept people that are different by certain characteristics or outlook even. Tom Robinson was guiltless, but was easy stereotyped because of the coloring material of his tegument. â€Å" Typical of a nigga ‘s outlook to hold a program, no idea for the farther, merely run blind first opportunity he saw † ( pg.265 ) . In this quotation mark by â€Å" typical † Lee means that all black people have a lower intelligence degree so white people. Stereotypes and racism can besides take the darkness in people ‘s bosom out, which causes them to disregard artlessness. Atticus stated â€Å" a topographic point where a adult male ought to acquire a square trade is in a courtroom, be he any coloring material of the rainbow. Peoples have a manner or transporting their bitternesss right into a jury box ( pg. 220 ) . † This means that even the tribunal ‘s justness system can besides be influenced by favoritism and society regulat ions. Tom Robinson was targeted like a mocker does for singing. His artlessness was darkened out and his tegument tone was brought out as a ground for him to be guilty. Tom was persecuted because Maycomb County believed that no black adult male could be right. The society discriminates anything that does non follow their regulations. Mockingbirds are guiltless and do music, but when you kill them the music stops, such as Boo Radley is misunderstood, Scout was attacked, being exposed to evil every bit good as forced to turn up, and Tom Robinson being stereotyped taking him into persecution. Therefore, it is a wickedness to kill a mocker when its artlessness, exposure and the pureness is replaced by silence.

Hydraulic fracturing in the USA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hydraulic fracturing in the USA - Assignment Example Rather, it is their opinion that the US should proceed towards renewable sources of energy, such as biomass, solar, and wind (Hillstrom 24). The potential for energy held by shale gas cannot be denied, and it is the single swiftest emerging source of energy in the US, representing 30% of natural gas supplies today, up from 1% in 2000. One benefit of fracking is that carbon emissions are said to be falling due to the amount of natural gas extracted through the process. This has resulted from the replacement of burning coal fuel with the use of shale gas during the production of electric power (Hillstrom 44). Therefore, it seems that there is a chance shale gas may replace fossil fuels in majority of US power plants. Another benefit is that the use of fracking will reduce the United States’ dependency on the Middle East for its energy needs, while it is also expected that increased development of the sector will result in additional jobs, already having provided 600,000 jobs in the year 2012. In addition, availability of cheaper gas in the United States will result in the increase of the country’s manufacturing capabilities in the face of increased competition from countries with cheaper labour (Hillstrom 45). It is also possible that the US will become a net exporter of energy as its production incre ases. Finally, fracking offers promise as the bridge between energy systems based on carbon from the past and a future that is greener and cleaner. However, the practice also carries various disadvantages, especially with regards to the environment. First, the process requires the use of a lot of water, which could be regarded as the inefficient use of a precious commodity, while it also leads to the production of a lot of wastewater that could contaminate the ground water and flow into streams and rivers (Hillstrom 56). There

Why is this so important to find evidence of life in another planet Essay

Why is this so important to find evidence of life in another planet - Essay Example Accordingly, Hurowitz (2008) says that the scientific explosion to detect evidence of life on other planets has led to a mass enthusiasm among scientists and researchers, but the idea of our civilization finding places â€Å"teeming with life† elsewhere is quite apprehensive. According to Cessna (n.d.), one reason scientists find it so important and fascinating sort of a research to determine life on other planets may be simple burning curiosity to find out if we are really absolutely alone in the universe and a desire to establish connections with life from other planets to achieve many kinds of benefits. The question of what to do after finding evidence of life elsewhere fascinates many. This may include many benefits, some of which are also identified by Hurowitz (2008), like once life gets detected on some other planet, that may include solution to high gas prices or in my personal opinion, that may also include solutions to many problems on Earth, like food scarcity and oil

Why College Athletes Should Be Paid To Play Sports Research Paper

Why College Athletes Should Be Paid To Play Sports - Research Paper Example The NCAA is the body charged with the responsibility of governing every facet of college sports in the United States. Established in 1906, NCAA has evolved over the years in its activities which are to the best interest of student-athletes, member universities, and the general public. However, critics do not buy this as the body has been, lately, under the skeptic's attack concerning the standoff on paying college athletes. They ask the question to whose interest is NCAA working. Most writers on collegiate sports confirm that college athletes bring sizable revenue to their institutions. But what do they get in return? Woods, 65, reports that an athlete on full scholarship receives a four-year education that may be worth an upward of $50,000 per year on the higher side. This covers books, room, and tuition. It is true that Football and men’s’ basketball college athletes generate huge incomes to the tune of billions to the schools and NCAA, yet they receive stipends in th e form of scholarships.Unlike other students, college athletes are prohibited from engaging in part-time jobs that can earn them money as most of their time is spent preparing for the sport.This implies that student-athletes are disadvantaged in the financial arena for the time they can use to earn extra cash is utilized in the pitch. It is therefore proper that the athletes be paid beyond what they are paid in the form of scholarships, at least to cater for their miscellaneous expenses and an appreciation of their valuable talents.

FMLA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FMLA - Research Paper Example Significance, Function and Benefits i. To shun discrimination against female workers. ii. Employers must have 50 workers in their workplaces for implementing FMLA. iii. Leave must be approved for any worker that has worked at least 1250 hours in the previous 12 months. iv. The law requires that the employee should be restored to her previous status v. The aforesaid laws benefit a lot to those workers who qualify for leave. c. Court Rulings of FMLA i. case of Mitchell v. Chapman, USA (2003) ii. case of Darby v. Bratch (2002) iii. case of Cantley vs. Simmons (2002) iv. case of Coleman v. Court of Appeals of Maryland (2010) III. Conclusion FMLA advantageous for employees as it allocates them their health care rights. Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA) Introduction The  Family Medical Leave Act  came into being in the year 1993 to strike a balance between the employers and the employees in a scenario where employees have to take extended medical leaves in a serious condition which inclu des pregnancy or to take of any family members. The aims of promulgation of mentioned law is to safeguard the interest of the employees. It does not relate to pay the employee during the said period provided the employee does not otherwise have vacation in store. The eligibility of employees can be mentioned as: He or She is in the employment of an organization at least for a period of one year (not consecutive); He or She has worked at least 1250 hours during a year before leaving the current employer. The 12-month period immediately concludes before the leave; He or she works at a location where at least 50 employees are working or it is within the ambit of 75 miles (Budd & Brey, 2003). There are many advantages of FMLA. 12 weeks unpaid leave on the forward mentioned situations are given such as for newborn child of the employee, for adoption or foster care, for serious health condition of immediate family member and medical leave provided employee is unable to work due to precari ous health condition (Post & Siegel, 2003). Discussion The basic idea of introducing Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is to provide assistance to employees in balancing their work and family life. The act in question provides qualified employees with two sorts of job-ensured leave a) regular leave and b) military family leave. The FMLA covers both private and public sector employers. FMLA leave in general considered unpaid leave. Historically, Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) came into limelight twenty years back when Mr. Bill Clinton, the then President sent the bill to the competent legislative body for consideration (Aitchinson, 2003).   The said act turned into law on August 5, 1993, soon after the 103 congressmen voted in favor of it. This is binding on all employers having more than 50 employees. Later on it was amended in the initial phase of 2008 during the incumbency of President Bush. The National Defense Authorization Act replaced FMLA. In accordance with the mentioned act qualified workers can avail 26 weeks of leave for a spouse, child, parent or other dependent family member to take care of the injured person from the armed forces (Budd & Brey, 2003). Significance Before promulgation of cited Acts, which later on converted into laws, to shun discrimination against female workers in the case of newly have born child. At that time, only those workers got promotion and other benefits who had given up their desire for a family. Of

Arthropods PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Arthropods - PowerPoint Presentation Example Among the arthropods, insects portray the highest degree of species diversity (Lecointre & Guyanden 67). In this discussion, we will focus on the reasons why insects are the most diverse. This paper will also focus on the limitations of these diverse species. Elipura is made up of collembola and Protura. The diplura is closely related to the insecta class. However, research indicates that crustaceans closely resemble insects than the entognatha class. Further research indicates that the collembolla have a different origin from the insects. The first evidence of Hexapods dates back to the Devonian period (Approximately 390 years ago). During this time, the insects are said to have been wingless. However, the preservation of the fossils was poor due to their exoskeleton, which is made of chitin. The evolution of the wings was an adaptation to allow them to survive the harsh conditions of the terrain. Insect fossils believed to have been from the Devonian period have been described. The oldest is a precursor of Rhyniella Praecusor found in Scotland. Primitive rooted plants of the time were localised in moist areas, and hence created soil for early arthropods such as myriapods (Grimaldi & Engel 66). Today, majority of the insects are terrestrial with a few in the marine habitat. The figures described in the previous slide are only representative of the species that have been documented. Forecasting shows that there could be many more species of insects living in non accessible areas that have not been scientifically described. To be recognized, insect species have to be described scientifically. This involves publishing of their description in the specialist journals. This is followed by thorough research. The purpose of this is to describe the insect, as well as classify it depending on it features. New species are recognised after formal descriptions. In Borneo, for the decade 1994-2004, 361 new species were found. 260

Global Warming - Cause and Effect Research Paper

Global Warming - Cause and Effect - Research Paper Example Global warming was started being considered as a threat which could cause many problems in the long-run like shortage of food and rise in the sea-level. Over the time, more negative effects like threats to the ecosystems and human health were identified. This paper discusses some of the most fundamental causes and effects of global warming. Key causes of global warming include human dependence on fossil fuels to meet the energy needs, growth of population, deforestation, natural processes generating methane in the atmosphere, and use of chemical fertilizers for agricultural purposes while the most significant effects of global warming include change of climate, rise in the sea-level, extinction of animal species as well as death of humans. Causes One of the most fundamental causes of global warming is increased dependence on power plants that burn coal to produce energy. Power plants generate a lot of carbon dioxide. According to EPA, electricity production in the US accounts for alm ost 40 per cent of the carbon dioxide, whereas 93 per cent of the carbon dioxide is released from the burning of coal in the electric utility industry. There is an ever-increasing availability of the electric gadgets in the market. Electricity for both personal and commercial use is largely produced from burning of coal in most of the countries around the world. The manufacture of globally sourced goods and car culture releases 33 per cent of the carbon dioxide in the US. Increase in the production of these goods can primarily be attributed to the growth of population. With the growth of population and the ever-increasing demand for consumer goods and vehicles, fossil fuels are being used in a greater amount for the manufacturing and transportation. Deforestation is a very important cause of global warming. In the photosynthesis process, plants consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and release oxygen which in effect is a two-way action directed at the decrease of global warming. Over the years, plants and trees have been cut in great numbers so as to make more land available for such reasons as construction and industrial development. One plant takes years to grow into a tree while it takes only few minutes to cut down the trees, which is why growing more plants is not a very effective measure to improve the environment. Second to carbon dioxide, methane is a potential contributor of global warming. Methane is produced as a result of decomposition of the organic matter by bacteria in anaerobic conditions which prevail in rice paddies. Methane is also produced in the anaerobic decomposition process that occurs in the intestines of animals that feed on grass and plants. In addition to that, increase in the production of concentrated livestock increases the amount of methane in the atmosphere. Escape of methane from the Arctic seabed also contributes to global warming. Use of chemical fertilizers to grow crops has increased rapidly since the second half of the 20th century. â€Å"The high rate of application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers has effects on the heat storage of cropland (nitrogen oxides have 300 times more heat-trapping capacity per unit of volume than carbon dioxide) and the run-off of excess fertilizers creates ‘dead-zones’ in our oceans† (Markham, 2009). Moreover, high content of nitrate in the groundwater caused by over-fertilization yields negative effects

Emergent Literacy and Alphabet Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emergent Literacy and Alphabet Knowledge - Essay Example Blevins (22) writes that, â€Å"Children who have limited alphabet knowledge upon entering school may have trouble gaining the all-important alphabet recognition skills through the traditional â€Å"letter a week† method. Without the necessary memorization, early reading instruction becomes cumbersome and difficult.† This means that alphabet knowledge is a crucial pre-requisite of literacy development, and is not hard for the children to learn when they are already in their emergent literacy phase. A little effort from parents can do the trick. It is important to discuss how emergent literacy and alphabet knowledge may be taught in a classroom setting. Although the primary role in emergent literacy is that of the parents’, but teachers can also play their part in enhancing the preschoolers’ emergent literacy skills. One example is through games. Since the children are not yet familiar with formal reading and writing, games are very effective, which can be downloaded and installed in computer systems. Games include a wide variety of learning concepts, ranging from simple letters to words card games. Many games reinforce letter recognition and alphabet learning, using flashcards and personalized cards. Teachers can group the games according to each main literacy concept. Since teachers are the main source of inspiration for children, they should use a wide variety of new words and concepts in their language in the classroom. They should introduce descriptive words every now and then. They should read stories and poems to the children, to develop an association between them and the books. They should create sound and letter awareness through exposure to sounds through music, building blocks, puzzles, etc. a well-stocked library area... It is important to discuss how emergent literacy and alphabet knowledge may be taught in a classroom setting. Although the primary role in emergent literacy is that of the parents’, but teachers can also play their part in enhancing the preschoolers’ emergent literacy skills. One example is through games. Since the children are not yet familiar with formal reading and writing, games are very effective, which can be downloaded and installed in computer systems. Games include a wide variety of learning concepts, ranging from simple letters to words card games. Many games reinforce letter recognition and alphabet learning, using flashcards and personalized cards. Teachers can group the games according to each main literacy concept. Since teachers are the main source of inspiration for children, they should use a wide variety of new words and concepts in their language in the classroom. They should introduce descriptive words every now and then. They should read stories and poems to the children, to develop an association between them and the books. They should create sound and letter awareness through exposure to sounds through music, building blocks, puzzles, etc. a well-stocked library area should always be there for the children to go to, where they can explore alphabet knowledge on their own. They should be encouraged to draw and scribble on the black/white board. Teachers should also make reading interactive through choral repetition and pointing-at-a-picture method.

How Does Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Work Become More Efficient Essay

How Does Intensive Care Unit Nurses' Work Become More Efficient - Essay Example Scholars and researchers have been involved in research activities, to examine and gather literature on the role of the human factor in ensuring better patient outcomes. This paper makes a critical analysis of one research conducted on a similar issue. The research titled †How Efficacy Beliefs predict Collaborative Practice: a Two-wave Study among Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Nurses† was conducted by a team of researchers namely Pascale M. Le Blanc, Raoul E. Nap, Marisa Salanova, Susana Llorens and Wilmar B. Schaufeli.   In the research, LeBlanc et al (2010) sought to find out how efficacy beliefs i.e. professional competences and work team commitments among intensive care unit nurses affected the quality of collaborative practice between these nurses and physicians (Le Blanc, Schaufeli, Salanova, Llorens, & Nap, 2010). The study was conducted on the foundation that past research has shown the existence of a relationship between professional efficacy and superior work behaviors. However, these observations were not specific to the healthcare industry. Hence, upon this background, the study by LeBlanc et al (2010) aimed to integrate these findings into the healthcare industry, particularly in the intensive care unit. The research was intended to add to the already existing knowledge that efficacy beliefs are jointly correlated to work resource and positive work behaviors and that the level of affective commitment to work team among nurses is correlated to superior intensive care unit performance outc omes. Particularly, the study hoped to strengthen efficacy beliefs among intensive care unit nurses which would, in turn, lead to improved collaborative practice (Le Blanc, Schaufeli, Salanova, Llorens, & Nap, 2010). According to the researchers, the study has significant implications in the healthcare industry since it encourages institutions to provide appropriate resources to the ICU nurses, in order to improve both patient and organizational outcomes.

A religious or moral issue Essay Example for Free

A religious or moral issue Essay Analyse and explain the way in which a religious or moral issue of concern to Christians has been dealt with in a television soap opera The moral issue that I have chosen to follow is adultery, which is when a married person has voluntary sexual intercourse with other married or not married people, rather than his or her spouse. The reason I have chosen this moral issue is because it is part of everyday life, many people are doing it and are not taking notice of the hurt and pain they are causing. I have chosen Eastenders for my soap opera, because it is a popular soap and the moral issue adultery is shown, through Natalie and Rickys affair. Christians have a strong view on adultery, they believe that you should keep sexual intercourse for marriage because it makes it part of a religious or spiritual contact and it makes it dependant on a commitment to spend the rest of your life with someone, also Do not commit adultery is one of the ten commandments, so Christians are totally against adultery. The main characters involved were Ricky, Natalie, Pat and Barry. The storyline begins with, Ricky and his son Liam coming back to the square after a few years away. After a few weeks Ricky is starting to settle down and he is renting a flat with Sam Mitchell his ex-wife, Natalie and Ricky are friends at this point. After a while Natalie realizes she still loves Ricky, her first love, and starts meeting up with him secretly and has sexual intercourse with him. Natalie makes up excuses saying that shes working overtime and during her lunch breaks when shes really meeting up with Ricky. One night Pat sees Ricky picking up Natalie from round the corner from their house. The next morning Pat confronts Natalie about what she saw and tells her to end it but Natalie starts crying and says that she still loves Ricky, but Pat tells Natalie about her own love life and that she would be making a big mistake by seeing Ricky. Natalie is still confused and not sure whom she wants to be with. On Rickys birthday Natalie stays home and looks after Jack and Liam, Rickys son. So Barry, Pat and Roy can go to Rickys party soon after they arrive Barry persuades Roy and Pat to go home and baby-sit so Natalie can come to the party. When Natalie arrives she gives Ricky his card and on the back of the envelope Natalie wrote meet me outside the back where she tells him that she is going to leave Barry. Pat and Natalie talk again and Pat shows Natalie the secret tape, which Barry has recorded for Natalies birthday it is a really special tape because Barry says how much he loves her, how important she is to him and how happy she makes him feel, after seeing the video Natalie realises that she is doing wrong and tells Ricky its over. Natalie realises she cant forget Ricky and soon their affair is back on and they plan to move away from the square and start afresh. They plan to leave on Natalies birthday, Natalie doesnt even care about the preparations that Barry made for her birthday party in the Vic. They are ready to head off but Rickys car has broken down so they have to take the car that Barry bought for Natalie. Barry is still in the Vic waiting for the guest of honour to arrive but Janine knows about Ricky and Natalie and tells Barry. Barry runs outside and sees Natalie driving off but he stops them. Natalie then tells Barry shes leaving him, Barry takes her into the Vic and shows her what he has organised for her, Natalie runs off to the toilets Barry runs after her and tries o make her change her mind but her minds already made up. Natalie is ready to leave but then Janine tells Natalie that Ricky slept with Sam, Natalie leaves the square only taking her son with her. Barry is left heartbroken, he then finds out that Pat knew about Ricky and Natalie, Pat and Roy end up having an argument about it, Roy has a heart attack and dies. The issue seen was dealt sensitively because the different characters feelings were expressed, although it was Natalie who was having the affair, you could see that not only was it the innocent partner that was confused but the partner which was committing adultery was even more confused, Natalie wasnt sure who she wanted to be with at some points and was getting very upset over it. Pat tried to help her make the right decision but Natalie didnt care. This soap opera made the moral issue less appealing, I think that it made people think more about what they are doing is totally wrong. The reason it did not make it more appealing is because it showed all the different circumstances people were left in, Natalie ended it with Ricky because he slept with Sam, Barry was left with no son and no wife, the baby was left with no father, Pat was left as the enemy and homeless because Roy dies and leaves the house to Barry, so the issue was shown well balanced because all the main characters feelings and circumstances were shown, many of the characters were feeling hurt. Overall I think this soap opera has shown adultery to be unpleasant because it shows just how many peoples lives are ruined not just the adultery committers, but people who try to help them understand what they are doing is wrong, but are then given the evil for not telling the truthful partner. So this teaches most viewers that adultery is not a good thing. I dont think that soap operas might affect peoples behaviour because mostly they deal with issues to express the circumstances of good and bad. This issue would not cause offence because although it is an issue, which is happening in everyday life it is not based on particular people.

I will Design and Carry Out my PEP on the Basis of me Being a Football Player Essay Example for Free

I will Design and Carry Out my PEP on the Basis of me Being a Football Player Essay I will design and carry out my PEP on the basis of me being a football player. I am 14 years and 6 months old and have been playing football since about the age of 5. I enjoy the game and I am quite good at it. Although I am quite good I would like to train to become better at the sport and increase my overall fitness level. I am generally fit but there is definitely room for improvement and I will look to do so. When I leave school I plan to join the British Army so I would like to become fit so that I can fulfil my plans. Over the 6 weeks that I carry out the training regime I will give it 100% and really try to improve my fitness and footballing skills. I want to make the best of my ability at football so I can enjoy what I do and hopefully it will benefit the Sunday league club that I play for. I play for Aspull Juniors. I have done so for 5 years now and enjoy playing for the team. I play in the centre of midfield and play in more of a defensive role. This position allows me to put a lot of effort in and influence the game. I am a good tackler of the ball and can pass good as well. For the job that I do on the football pitch I need to have a good stamina (so I can cope with the demands of the football math), good flexibility (so I dont stretch my muscles when making tackles), good balance (to pass the ball and make vital tackles), strength (to out muscle opponents and kick the ball far), speed (to get to the ball quicker than the opponent), and good reaction time (this is so I can react to the ball quicker than an opponent.) My PEP should help me to improve all of these skills and as a result I will become a better football player. I have never suffered any long-term injuries of any kind and have no recurring injuries. Other sports that I enjoy to do are fishing, golf, tennis and table tennis. Although I do none of these sports competitively I am interested in them and have done for fun. PEP For my PEP I will use a pyramid session to gradually increase my fitness during the 6 weeks. I will use a badminton court as my guide and say that double the length of the court is equal to one length. I will increase the lengths as the program progresses to create an overload required to increase my fitness. I chose a pyramid session because I feel it is the most reliable way of increasing my fitness. Also I know that it will be easier to create an overload in either the amount of lengths or exercises that I do if I use a pyramid session. From when I have used this session in the past I have found that it always gives me a good workout and can be used to good effect. I will start and progress my PEP over the weeks using the FITT principal. I will increase the frequency by doing more exercises and by doing more running more often. I will increase the intensity by increasing the amount of exercise that will be done. I will do this by adding more lengths onto my pyramid session and more exercise in between. I will increase the time by putting more time into the exercises in between runs. The type will also be changed. I will change the fitness test that I will do after the pyramid sessions each week. The PEP that I have designed is one that I think will improve my overall fitness the most and also improve the skills that I need as a football player. It will start with a 5 minute jog. This jog will warm up my muscles so that they are not too stiff to stretch otherwise I will increase the chances of a ripped or torn muscle. After the jog I will move on to my stretches. They will be thoroughly carried out so not to allow any muscle injury whatsoever can occur. The stretches are one of the most important parts of the PEP and must be done with care and thought. If these are not done correctly than I will run the chance of pulling or tearing a muscle. The Pyramid Session starts by running the maximum amount of lengths you are wishing to do and then gradually working your way down until there are no more lengths to complete. In between lengths you are required to do exercises. For example, if I was planning to do 16 lengths I would do 16 lengths then a chosen exercise. After the exercise you then do 15 lengths then the exercise, then 14 lengths then a exercise and so on until there are no more lengths to complete. This Pyramid Session will progress throughout the 6 weeks of the PEP. Week 1 I will be doing 10 lengths, Week 2 and 3 I will be doing 12 lengths, Week 4 and 5 I will do 14 lengths and for the final week I will do 16 lengths. As the weeks progress an overload is created which will help me improve my fitness. The Warm Up For my warm up I will be doing a 5 minute jog around the All Weather pitch. The warm up is to warm the muscles up before stretching so I do not pull a muscle. I will time myself and be sure not to strain myself as this too could result in a pulled muscle if not careful. The Leg Exercises Squats, Burpees, Switch Overs, Star Jumps These exercises will build up my leg muscles and allow me to put more power into a shot or long pass. These exercises will build up the strength and power in my legs and will allow me to hit a ball further and this will improve my skill as a football player. I have done more leg exercises than arm and body exercises because I feel that my legs are needed more on a football pitch. The Body Exercises Sit Ups, Crunches The body exercises that I will do will allow me to build up my middle body muscles and will help me to become stronger and flexible in that area. This will help me when I play football because I will be able to adjust the middle part of my body easier and this will help me when I am playing. The Arm Exercises Bench Press, Press Ups By doing these arm exercises it will improve my upper body strength and this will make it easier to shrug off opponents when challenging for a ball in a game. The exercises will build up the muscles in my arms and this can help when taking a throw-in. The Cool Down For the cool down I will do a light jog and then stretch. The cool down is to prevent lactic acid from settling in the muscles and producing cramps. This is just as important as the warm up and is needed to prevent injury after the PEP. Stretches Hamstring- I would sit on the ground then bend over front wards and touch the top of my shin, I would hold this for 10 seconds. Then I would sit up rest and then bend over front wards again only this time touching the toes rather than the shin. Quads- I would stand and balance myself against a wall with one arm then I would grab the left leg bend it backwards so the foot is touching my bum and hold for 10 seconds. Then I would stop rest and change legs. Groin Stretch- I would sit on the ground and put the soles of each foot together in a yoga sort of position. Then slowly put pressure on the inside of each leg to stretch the groin. Upper Arm- Place one arm in front of me and place the other arm underneath the arm that is held out and grab the shoulder. After this swap arms and do exactly the same. Hold each stretch for 10 seconds. Week 1 The warm up and the stretches went well and I then began my Pyramid Session. I had planned to do 10 lengths this week. I found that the Pyramid Session worked well. I completed the 10 lengths with ease but the exercises were quite challenging. At the end of all the lengths and exercises I found myself out of breath but I was pleased with the work I had done. I then went out onto the all weather pitch to do a 50 metre sprint. I did the sprint in 8.12 seconds which was a personal best. After the sprint I did a 5 minute jog and then stretched for 5 minutes. Evaluation I was very pleased with what I did this week but thought that I could handle more lengths than what I had done. The exercises that I did were quite demanding but I thought they would be easier to handle next week and was looking forward to the challenge. I was extremely pleased with the speed that I achieved in the 50 metre sprint and although it wasnt a huge amount of time I did beat my personal best. Week 2 This week I had set myself 12 lengths to do but I wasnt particularly worried about the task ahead. I started off with the 5 minute jog and a thorough stretch and then I began my Pyramid Session. The session went well again this week. Similar to last week I found that the exercises were again quite tough and challenging but the lengths were completed without much difficulty. After the Pyramid Session this week, I had set my self the throw/catch ball test. This was not physically challenging but I had to concentrate to get the 35 score that I got. This was not the best score I had ever had but I was pleased with the result. Evaluation I was again pleased with this week. The increase in lengths never really affected my performance this week. They were more challenging than the previous week but never caused a major problem throughout the session. The throw/catch ball test that I did was more about finding a rhythm and concentrating rather than a physical test. Week 3 After the initial warm up and stretch I moved onto another week of the 12 length Pyramid Session. This week it again never caused a huge problem but I was still tired towards the end of the session. The exercises still caused similar problems as they did in the first week and were tiring. It was this week when I began to feel an improvement in my fitness. After I completed the Pyramid Session I then went and did the muscular endurance test in the hotel foyer. My previous best at this test was 100 seconds but this week I nearly doubled that score with 190 seconds. I was extremely pleased with this result. At the end of the session I did a 10 minute cool down. Evaluation I found that the 12 lengths didnt pose too much of a problem for me this week and I was looking forward to the challenge of 14 lengths next week. I think that the exercises again provided a challenge for me and I began to feel the improvement in my fitness. I was extremely pleased with the score I achieved in the muscular endurance test. I think that I did well this week and was looking forward to the next few weeks ahead. Week 4 Due to a Dentist appointment I was unable to complete the regime at school. As a result I set up a training course on a football field behind my house and carried out my session to the best of my ability taking the environment and lack of equipment into condition. I worked hard for 1 hour and was pleased with the workout I had. Week 5 This week was my first attempt in school of attempting the 14 lengths I had set. Firstly, I did the warm up and stretches then got started with the Pyramid Session. It began like the others had but towards the end I found that this session was a lot more tiring than the previous weeks. At the end my legs were aching and I was really tired. I had created the overload and felt the affect. Although I was tired I was pleased with the task I had done and was looking to the week ahead. The test this week was a standing broad jump. I managed to get a score of 1 metre 52 centimetres. I was quite pleased with the score although it was not a personal best. After the test I went outside where I did a 5 minute jog and stretched off to avoid cramped muscles. Evaluation I was pleased with the effort that I put in today and could feel a definite improvement in my fitness. I thought that 14 lengths were very challenging and along with the leg, arm and middle body exercises produced a Pyramid Session which would challenge me. The standing broad jump that I did was not spectacular but I was pleased with the result. Week 6 For this week I was supposed to do 16 lengths, but because I missed week 4 I decided that I would carry on with 14 lengths. I went outside and did the warm up followed by the stretches then went inside to carry out the Pyramid Session. The 14 lengths were challenging but I felt an improvement in my fitness and they were easier to complete than the lengths last week. The test for my final week was a repeat of the throw/catch ball test. I carried it out in the Sports Hall and beat the score I had gotten previously. I got a score of 33, beating the score of week 2 and equalling my personal best. Evaluation I was pleased with the work that I had done in my final week. I found that the 14 lengths in the Pyramid Session were easier to complete than the previous week. I was pleased with the level of my fitness and was pleased with the score I achieved in the throw/catch ball test. Final Evaluation Throughout my PEP I have seen my overall fitness gradually increase from week to week. I would definitely say the regime has been a success and recommend it to people wishing to improve their fitness. The Pyramid Session provides a challenge from week to week and the exercises between the lengths make it a very demanding regime. I was pleased with the work that the exercises did and at the end of the 6 week program saw an improvement in my leg muscles, middle and upper body strength. I am extremely pleased with the improvement and success that the PEP has had.

Language The Singapore English English Language Essay

Language The Singapore English English Language Essay The nations which were once part of the British colony now are referred to as new nations and address the importance of English as a language of communication (Platt, Weber Lian:1984:1). Any language has a dual character: it is both means of communication and a carrier of culture.( Burke, Crowley Girvin:2000:436) Language as communication has three aspects or elements. First is the language of real life. A human community really starts its historical being as a community of co-operation in production. Production is co-operation, is communication, is language, is expression of a relation between human beings and it is specifically human. The second aspect is speech imitates language of real life, communication in production. The third aspect is the written sign; imitates the spoken. Writing is representation of sounds with visual symbols. Communication between human beings is the basis and process of evolving culture (lead to heritage). Language as communication and culture are products of each other. Communication creates culture: culture is a means of communication. Language carries culture, and culture carries, particularly through orature and literature, the entire body of values by which we come to perceive ourselves and our place in the world ( Burke, Crowley Girvin:2000:438). New Englishes are used as an official or second language and is the regular language of communication used by a group of people in at least in some areas of everyday activities. The background of new English development consists of areas where education in English meant education in a language unlike the home language of the pupils or languages they may hear around them in street and markets (Platt, Weber Lian:1984:6). Dividing English according to background three different types emerge: local non-English language for wider communication, local English-based pidgin language for wider communication, English-based creoles (Platt, Weber Lian:1984:9). Singapore is an Island made of 4 million, 76.8% Chinese, 13.9% Malay, 7.9% Indian, 1.4% other races (Lim: 2004:2). Singapore is a name derived from the two Malay words, singa meaning Lion and pura meaning city. The Lion city or Singapore has three major ethnicities: Malay, Chinese and Indian. On the other hand it has two minor ethnicities: Eurasians and Europeans. English language plays an important role in uniting these different ethnicities in Singapore (Lorenz: 2006:4). The country has four official languages: Tamil, Chinese Mandarin, English and Malay. All children in Singapore achieve basic competency and reasonable fluency in two of the four official languages, mainly English and another language. Even though English of Chinese Singaporeans is very distinct from Malay Singaporeans they share similar features. For example, for pronunciation egg rhymes with vague but not with peg. For syntax both Chinese and Malay Singaporeans often use will to refer to a regular event and would to express tentativeness. For lexicon, all races use borrowed words such as kiasu (afraid to lose out from Hokkien) and makan (eat, from Malay) (Deterding: 2007:5). Singapore was established part of the British empire in 1819. At that time there were was a small population of Malay farmers living in the area, the immigrants started increasing in number gradually. First, the Chinese and then followed by the Indians. The Indian immigrants were small in number and many of them were teachers, this made their influence on Singapore English very distinct (Smith Forman:1997:2). British colonization of the Lion City, was not only physical it was mental as well. Important area of domination of colonialism was mental universe of colonized: the control, though culture, of how people perceived themselves and their relationship with the real world(Burke, Crowley Girvin:2000:438-439). The goal of the mental colonization was to take control of the language of the people. The language through which they are defined because it is the carrier of their culture (Burke, Crowley Girvin:2000:436-437). The introduction of English to Singapore was during the colonial period. As part of the British empire, there were changes reinforced especially related to the educational system, so as to ensure the continuity of the English language. In schools the first English teachers were native speakers, but as the colony grew and more schools were established, local English teachers were recruited from whom were educated in the colony schools (Platt, Weber Lian:1984:3). The availability of education through English medium resulted in people speaking a whole range of different speech varieties from creole to a type close to standard English. This situation was called post-creole speech continuum. Speech between people who speak standardized English and those of higher education unlike speech between people of no formal education speaking creole or modified creole. Speech between people using standardized English and highly educated can be considered as new English (Platt, Weber Lian:1984:8). Pidgins are simplified languages excluding the standardized features such as verb tenses, difference between subject and object pronoun. Speakers of an English-based creole were taught English in schools in some parts of the world. A creole is a speech variety that has developed from pidgin (Platt, Weber Lian:1984:7). New Varieties of English refer to the varieties of the language spoken or written by a group of people. Criteria for New English: developed through an education system, developed in area where native variety of English was not spoken language by most of population, used for range of functions among those who speak or write it in the region where it is used, has become localized or nativized (Platt, Weber Lian:984:2-3). Singapore English is considered natvized is due to the fact that is used widely and serves many functions. Part of the grammatical system in Singapore is the passive voice. Colloquial Singapore English contains two specific passive structures, the so-called kena passive and the give passive. The give and kena- constructions are derived from the languages of Chinese and Malay respectively (Lorenz:2006:3). Analyzing Singapore English, it can be divided into Standard Singapore English and Singlish. The Standard Singapore English is similar to the British or American Standard English. While the Singlish is a compound word formed from Singaporean and English, thus it is English-based Creole spoken colloquially in Singapore (Lorenz: 2006:5). In colloquial Singapore English, there are four types of passive constructions. The regular passive with the auxiliary be and get passive. It is a superstrate language with English origin. Furthermore, there are two passive- like constructions, the kena passive of Malay origin and the give passive of Chinese roots. These two passive constructions form the main substrate languages. These two constructions are distinctive of the Colloquial Singapore English, unlike the get passive and the regular passive which can be found in both Standard English and Colloquial Singapore English. The following example to elaborate (Lim 2004:97-98): John (was) scolded by his boss; the passive auxiliary is normally be as demonstrated in this example which is identical in structure to the passive to Standard British or American English except for the copula verbs optionality. John got scolded by his boss; this construction is the so-called get passive. In most cases get has no expressed animate agent, however in this example get with an animate agent (by his boss) is not unknown. Downings (1996:2003) research confirmed the general view that get passives are typically agentless. She argues that the get passive construction carries with it additional meanings of causation and responsibility which are absent from the be-passive. In formal style, the get passive is avoided. Even in colloquial English it is much more uncommon than the passive with auxiliary be. John kena scolded by his boss; an example of kena passive. The kena passive is like the English passive shown in the first example semantically it patterns with the give passive which we can see in the next example. John give his boss scold; give in this example is used as a normal verb( Lorenz: 2006:6). Lexical innovation are visible as linguistic processes which introduce word-stock changes of a language. Common processes include: affixation (feminism, ageism, heightism), compounding (callgirl, downsize, born-again), clipped forms (sitcom, cab), backformations (typewrite, burgle, stinge/stint), blending (smog, motel, cineplex), grammatical shift (to chair, to head), common words from proper names (platonic, Machiavellian) and borrowing (loanwords). Singapore offers an example of a country where spontaneous daily interaction among speakers of several languages over a period of time has led to lexical innovation processes. Loanwords freely enter the lexicon from all the background languages (songkok, cheongsam, sari) as well as compounds unique to the context of Singapore such as orchid dress and orchid shirt. Semantic shifts also occur (e.g. deadline to dateline) and also some semantic extensions (stay and live are used interchangeably to mean the same thing). These lexical items ar e new emergent forms some of which have been recognized and identified but not yet fully analyzed and codified (85-86). To get deeper insight of the language three English newspapers texts published from 1991 to 1994 were analyzed. The Straits Times (ST), The Business Times(BT), and The New Paper (NP). ST is morning daily close to 1 million readers, BT has small and focused readership coming from the finance and industry sectors, NP is an afternoon tabloid that caters to a wide and general readership by deliberately using less specialized terms and including more basic vocabulary items, especially those used by Singaporeans in general (86). Compounds in Singapore English are unique of cultural meanings or Singaporean concerns which it reflects. Many of the lexical innovations are found in reference to food and utensils used in preparation of food. It also refers to dress, buildings or physical landscape, and relationships. fish head curry: But imagine building up an apetite for tandoori chicken and finding fish head curry on your plate (89). birds nest: Genuine birds nest is a delicacy too expensive to be found in most hawker centers. chili crab: There Singapores gold medal heroes out away giant helpings of chili crab. Fishball: Ah Liang ran a popular fishball guo tiau (kway teow) stall at Jahlan Batu. Loveletter: why complain when like the feast of pineapple tarts, kuey bankit and loveletters you get everywhere, you get a galaxy of stars at cinema (90). Utensils: Claypot: this is a traditional Chinatown recipe, of rice and meat cooked in a claypot. tiffin carrier: Sogo has a delightful three-tiered tingkat (tiffin carrier) tray. Kwali: Remove all except a couple of tablespoons of the oil from the kwali. Wok: Gentle kwangs on the wok and gentle soothing cooking motions are especially useful to punctuate twists of plots and also help stimulate tear ducts (92). Dress: orchid dress: The designer of this creation spent two hours sketching orchids at the Bontanie Gardens before she was satisfied enough to start drawing out the dress. It was yet another attempt to redetine the orchid dress. Japanese slippers: He wore a singlet and bermudas and Japanese slippers. baju kurong: Baju kurong is a must-wear for Malay women on Hari Raya, and the show displayed traditional as well as updated versions of the baju kurong. sarong and songkok: A quick change, then dressed in sarong and songkok, members would head for Friday prayers at the nearby Sultan Mosque (93). Buildings: void deck (93): There are Cosy Corners à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ each with a kitchen, toilet and Tv area à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ in the void desks of four blocks for the residents to mingle. terrace apartments (96): The project comprisescondominium units, terrace apartments and a clubhouse in Johor Baru. People and relationships: people bonding: Spirits roused by the Singapore Cheer, the show of Singaporean solidarity was visible proof of the people bonding that Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong had spoken of in his National Day Message. confinement dish/dish: Says Ng Soing Mui in her book The Chinese Pregnany and Confinement Diet.. (96). Some of the terms used in Singapore English may sometimes be misunderstood by speakers from other countries because of the Semantic shifts that occurred. For example, Australians might find the describtion of windy for homes as a negative feature in a for sale advertisement but Singaporeans consider windy as breezy and therefore a positive feature. The term bungalow as used in Singapore is positive, and this particularly unit of dwelling is the most highly sought and priced on the property market. But in the American context, it could refer to shack or a hovel. Examples of semantic shifts: bungalow: Residents of neighborhood say another vacant blue bungalow is also being used as a teen hideway. stay vs. live : Failure to stay within the deficit may endanger plans to get new loans from abroad. Some of them are regular customers and some are those who live nearby who come to dispose of cans and paper (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand:2009:96-97). Teachers and language educators should be well informed of the distinctions between lexical terms in standard international English and the innovative forms that they have taken in standard Singapore English. For example, a SSE bath is cold water, while a SBrhE bath is a hot tub. In SBrE bungalows are often located at the seaside and are popular as retirement homes for old people because they have no stairs (Brown 1999:38). In Singapore, the meaning of bungalow has been extended to form its original to detached dwelling not necessarily single single storey to mean a large private house. In SSE people get burned while doing foolish acts such as investing in stock markets during uncertain times, while in SBrE, It is the fingers that get burned doing similar foolhardiness (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand:2009:99). Distinct developments and innovations are recognizeable on both fronts, the standard and the non-standard varieties of Singapore English because English is used both as an international lingua franca as well as a national lingua franca by Singaporeans (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand:2009:99-100). The most colloquial varieties are used among friends, families, relatives and work mates. Singaporeans are aware that their many local terms and expressions used in day to day spontaneous interactions such as the ubiquitous use of pragmatic particles ( lah, hor, meh, ah, is it etc) as well as lexical items such as goondu (from the Tamil, to mean a fool), gabra (from Malay to mean, easily shaken and panicky) may make them mainly unintelligible to others from outside Singapore. They would most likely not use these lexical items with outsiders. However, they are sometimes unaware that some lexical innovations in their SSE may give rise to some miscommunication in international conversations (Kawaguchi, Minegishi Durand:2009:100). The distinctive cultural identity must show through the new texts, spoken as well as written, and the new writing of cultures. Singapore is multilingual and multiracial has a local educated local variety of English that is internationally intelligible , this variety has not been codified. It had been serving as an intra-nationally lingua franca for the different ethnic groups. It is used in daily social exchange processes. It gained institutional support and has been used as a medium of instruction. It carries Singapore identities and context in Singaporean text in English (Smith Forman:1997:176-177). Multilingual populations have a greater linguistic threshold and are sharper in their linguistic reflexes. Innovations mean keeping abreast not achieving purification. To accept that innovation is an essential characteristic of World Englishes is to recognize its implicitly that borrowings, loan words and new collocations (grammar and phraseology) are inescapable (Smith Forman:1997:178). Depth, Rigidity, and Opacity form one end of the spectrum; Breadth, Flexibility and Transparency form the other end. These features will ensure vital, volatile and vibrant new Englishes with unique expressions such as found in Singapore English: choose, choose, choose. Choose the whole shop and then dont buy or people bonding or incense burning bins and confinement servants (Smith Forman:1997:179).

Comparing My Name is Asher Lev, Naked Lunch and Animal Farm Essay

Comparative Analysis of My Name is Asher Lev, Naked Lunch and Animal Farm  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   What do a junkie, Communists pigs, and a little Jewish boy have in common? No, this isnÕt an Anti-Semitic crack. In fact, the answer is really nothing. Then how would Naked Lunch, Animal Farm, and My Name is Asher Lev make a good comparative research paper? ThereÕs no magic involved really. To solve this perplexity one must think like Chaim Potok who said that "no feeling, no thought, and no sensibility cannot be tapped or explored and revealed" (Abramson 59). By looking deeper into the fibers of history, satire, criticism, and philosophy that are woven into each of these stories, the connection becomes less ambiguous.    As with many great novels, there is usually more to the story than what is written on paper. Each author, in his novels, incorporated his critical view of the world into the story by using the theme of individual vs. society. These views portray their cultures in the negative light in which they saw them. Therefore, the criticisms were the authorsÕ way of exhibiting and lashing out against what, in their minds, were the evils within the society they lived in. These problems range from politics, to religion, to the human condition.    My Name is Asher Lev, Naked Lunch, and Animal Farm were all written with a specific, social criticism in mind. Chaim Potok, author of My Name is Asher Lev, though an ordained rabbi of the Jewish faith, (Abramson 2) sought to justify the "conviction that no idea should be foreign in our world (Potok)" by challenging the JewÕs belief that "art holds no place in the Jewish faith. (Kremer)" Though raised in a strict, Orthodox household Potok grew interested in art from an early age and,... ...l. 2. Feb, 1976. 321-322. Potok, Chaim. Interview with Jennifer Gilmett. Seattle Pacific University. 29 Oct. 1997.http://www.lasierra.edu/~ballen/potok/Potok.interviews. SPU.html Potok, Chaim. Lecture. Southern College of Seventh-Day Adventists. Collegedale, Tenn. Ed. Dr. Jerry Gladson. http://www.lasierra.edu/ ~ballen/potok/Potok.unique.html#Asher Seltzer, Alvin J. Contemporary Literary Criticism. Vol. 42. Detroit: Gale Research Company, 1985. 80-85. Skerl, Jenny. "William S. Burroughs". http://www.bigtable.com/0009e.html Smyer, Richard I. Animal Farm: Pastoralism and Politics. Boston: TwayneÕs Masterwork Studies, 1988. 11-30. Smyer, Richard I. "Primal Dream and Primal Crime: OrwellÕs Development As a Physchological Novelist". DIScovering Authors Modules Online. University of Missouri Press, 1979. http://www.galenet.com         

Wealth and Greed - Do You Suffer from Affluenza? :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

Affluenza: A Human Created Disease With Profound Consequences Chances are that you haven't come across the disease known as affluenza, even if you have been an avid reader of newspapers and listener of news broadcasts. It is possibly the least discussed of the more debilitating diseases of our time. Strangeness characterizes this disease in many other ways too. Almost every one of us actively carries it. Its effects impact not only the immediate carrier but also society at large. Its symptoms are so commonplace that few people make a connection between the disease and the discomfort that it breeds. It infects rich and poor alike, and is beginning to imbed itself in younger and younger carriers. Oddly, those that do recognize the scourge that it sometimes brings are disparagingly referred to as hypocrites, elitists, party-poopers, or catastrophists. And most confusing, it is a disease that is socially acceptable among many of us. Wow, what a bizarre disease, huh? Yet, fortunately, known cures exist for this disorder but they require our dedicati on and perseverance to eradicate this pernicious malady. Defined by authors of a book with the same title, Affluenza is "a painful, contagious, socially transmitted condition of overload, debt, anxiety, and waste resulting from the dogged pursuit of more" (de Graaf et al.). In simple terms, affluenza is a disease that many of us suffer because we are too fixated on buying and consuming more and more. Do you think you or others you know might have it? But how would you know if you have it? What are the signs of this disease? According to some, affluenza is so encompassing in its effects on our psyches and our bodies that many symptoms of it do not appear different other more common disorders. Other symptoms are more easily distinguishable. Rather than spell out each symptom one by one, let's determine the extent to which you might have this disease through a series of questions. Answer the following questions with yes or no answers: 1. When you find yourself in a depressed mood, do you often get an impulse to buy something to soothe yourself?; 2. Do you often pay close to the minimum payment on your credit cards because of lack of available funds? 3. Do you work a job (either a 2nd job or an additional job to your spouse's) in order to afford the "luxuries" in life?; 4. Do you spend holidays with family members in facilities designated for consuming products-e.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm

An English writer by the name of George Orwell published a book in 1943, called Animal Farm.   In the eyes of Mr. Orwell, the sole purpose of the book was to expose the Soviet myth of Russia’s acclaimed socialist utopia in a way that almost anyone can comprehend. The simplicity of language in the book and the usage of animals to convey the message made it a prime candidate for a cartoon version and thus one was created. This essay will look at the differences between the book Animal Farm and it’s cartoon adaptation. The three criteria which will be used as a basis of comparison are:   characterization, exposition and theme. The book Animal Farm, is an allegory of the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the events that followed shortly after. In order for the reader to be able to get a firm grasp on the conditions in Russia before, during and after the revolution, George Orwell took great care in ensuring that the all the characters in the book could easily be identified with their Russian revolution counterpart. While reading the book, one should easily be able tell the parallel personality for each character because of George Orwell’s very accurate descriptions of the characters. As a result, a great deal of characterization is visible in most parts of the book, as he is constantly building upon the characters. The movie Animal Farm on the other hand is quite different.   In the movie, very little time (relative to the book) is spent on developing the characters. In some instances during the movie we discover that there are some characters in the book that are not mentioned in the movie (e.g. Molly and Mrs. Jones). Also, in Animal Farm the movie, there is little dialogue among the animals, unlike the book. In the book, it is this dialogue that really helps us understand the type of regime in Russia at the time. If someone were to watch the movie but never read the book, it would probably be a lot harder to see the relationship to the Russian revolution. In the book, some of the instances that occur in Animal Farms exposition play important roles later on in the book. At the start of the book you are introduced to a flurry of thoughts and ideas that are very instrumental throughout the remainder of the book. The exposition begins with Old Major, telling the animals of a dream he has in which all animals are free from the oppressive human regime and equal amongst each other.

A Balance Between Nomothetic and Idiographic Approaches Essay

The idiographic and nomothetic approaches in psychology are often regarded as representing opposing and conflicting positions about how best to study people, especially intelligence and personality. However, the two may be seen as complementary, with both necessary to gain a fuller understanding of human beings. The idiographic approach focuses on: ‘the individual and recognises the uniqueness of the person in terms of their experiences, feelings, developmental history, aspirations and motivations in life, and the values and moral codes by which they live’. The word idiograph comes from the Greek word idios, meaning ‘own’ or ‘private’. Hence the idiographic approach in psychology is concerned with the private, subjective and unique aspects of a person and employs methods of inquiry which provide information about subjective experiences. The idiographic approach is characterised by qualitative methods of investigation. Qualitative methods include unstructured interviews, case studies, self report measures, introspection, and the psychoanalytic techniques of free association and dream analysis. The idiographic approaches is holistic and places great value on the individual’s conscious experiences. The humanistic perspective in psychology perhaps best exemplifies the idiographic approach. Freudian psychoanalysis can also be said to adopt an idiographic approach as he did not use any scientific method to test or find evidence for his theoretical claims. Approach The nomothetic approach in psychology focuses on: ‘similarities between people and attempts to establish general laws of behaviour and thought that can be applied to large populations of people, or indeed to all people’ The word nomothetic comes from Greek words nomos, meaning ‘law’. Hence, the nomothetic approach is most closely aligned with the scientific approaches in psychology. This means that it uses scientific methods of investigation, particularly experiments, to test hypotheses that are derived from theories about human behaviour and thought. The nomothetic approach adopts a reductionist viewpoint, placing great value on objectivity and replication. The behaviourist, cognitive ad biological perspectives best exemplify the nomothetic approach. Freudian theory also attempts to establish laws or rules about human beings, for example the psychosexual stages and the Oedipus complex. Freud believed these were applicable to all and the theory is nomothetic in this respect. Background Humanistic psychology adopt a more idiographic approach, seeking the more unique aspects of individuals, rather than producing generalised laws of behaviour that apply to everyone. It highlighted the value of more individualistic and idiographic methods of study, particularly in areas of personality and abnormalities. Classification manuals like the DSM-IV, which lists the essential behavioural criteria of diagnosing autism, adopts a nomothetic approach and classify people according to particular type of disorders. Traditionally, the idiographic and nomothetic approaches are seen as conflicting, with the implication that as a psychologist you can only operate from one of these positions. Cronbach (1957) identified this potential source of conflict between psychologists about how best to study the nature of what it is to be human. If the psychologist seeks to develop theories that apply to large populations then the nomothetic approach is preferable. If, however, the psychologist is interested in the uniqueness of a person, then the idiographic approach is the one to adopt. Subjective experience The idiographic approach is often regarded as non-scientific, as subjective experience cannot be empirically tested and it is difficult to generalise from detailed subjective knowledge about a person. Some psychologists argue that scientific principles can be applied to study the uniqueness of individuals and the norms and rules by which a specific person operates can be identified. The idiographic approach can be used to study topics such as privation which are relatively rare and depends upon the circumstances surrounding the individual. Most evidence for effects of privation has come from case studies of children who have been raised in conditions of neglect. The case of Genie (Curtiss, 1977) suggests that severe privation has permanent effects. At the age of 13 years she was unable to speak, physically underdeveloped and showed inappropriate emotional responses. Despite fostering and intellectual stimulation, Genie apparently never recovered from her years of privation, although there was a suggestion that other factors may have contributed to her problems. Koluchova’s longitudinal study followed the long-term development of twin boys who had suffered severe privation in early childhood showed that children who have experienced severe privation seem able to overcome the effects of their early suffering with appropriate treatment and care. As such the nomothetic approach would be unsuitable and unable to gather any information which would contribute towards our understanding of the topic. The two approaches can be complementary as the idiographic approach can shed further light on a general law of behaviour established through a nomothetic approach. Idiographic research may disprove a general law of behaviour. For example nomothetic research supported the idea of a multi-store model of memory with information flowing through the STM to LTM. However case studies of patients with brain damage suggest that the multi-store model is over-simplified. A patient known as KF suffered brain damage following a motorcycle accident, and underwent brain surgery. Some years later he was found to have normal LTM storage but an STM capacity of only two items. If STM was necessary for the transfer of information to LTM, then KF’s LTM should also be affected. As a consequence, further models of memory have been proposed and tested. On the other hand, idiographic findings can lead to large scale research. Piaget used the idiographic approach gaining rich and detailed information about the development of his own children’s thinking. These finding inspired further nomothetic research and theories into cognitive development were developed. Scientific approach Both approaches can contribute to the scientific approach – the aim of science are to â€Å"understand and describe† which corresponds to the idiographic approach and to â€Å"predict and control† which corresponds to the nomothetic approach. The nomothetic approach generalise findings e. g. in terms of the primacy and recency effects, more words are recalled from the beginning and the end of the list, irrespective of the length of the list. However an idiographic approach could be used to find the different techniques that people have used to recall the items In contemporary psychology, the idiographic-nomothetic debate is still an important distinction. Attempts have been made to bring the two approaches together in an interactionist model (Bandura, 1986), but no influential solution has been found. It could be argued that the strengths of one approach compensate for the limitations of the other and so both approaches are needed for a complete study of psychology. The nomothetic approach has helped psychology to become scientific by developing laws and theories of human behaviour that can be empirically tested. This approach attempts to determine laws and common characteristics for all people or large groups of people in a culture. It also helps to combine biological and social aspects of a person. However, the focus on general laws and theories neglects the subjective and unique experiences of the person. The extensive use of controlled laboratory experiment means that there is a problem of generalisation to everyday life. Some psychologists also argued that this approach overemphasises the similarities between people and gives little attention to differences. Alternatively, the idiographic approach focuses on the subjective experiences of the person making the individual feeling valued and unique. Each person is valued as an individual rather than seen as one amongst many. Conclusion This approach provides detailed psychohistories and attempts to understand the many influences on how they come to be as they are. Humanistic psychology uses an idiographic approach to enable people to develop their full potential. However, this approach largely neglects biological, especially genetic influences.

Hitler’s foreign policy successes between 1936 and 1939 Essay

Hitlers forbiddenside form _or_ system of g everywherenment successes between 1936 and 1939 be on his remark adequate to(p) tactical clevernesss and powerfulness to exploit his opponents asthenicnesses? discourse this view.M individually of Hitlers opposed constitution aims had been recorded since the publication of Mein Kampf, just now no(prenominal) of his plans had any magazine scale to them. His whole concept of while appeared to be that he cute state of war by 1942, in fear of an arms race with the likes of Britain and France, runing in Ger macrocosmy no dourer holding the fastness hand as well as, he was beneath the persuasion that he would face his own oddment close to this time. It appears that, despite his aims having been differentiate in stone for many years, Hitler was quite an opportunist, grabbing at well-off circumstances quite than planning. truly little tactical skill or victimisation appeared to go into any of his fills (with meek exceptions) he just appeared to assume that closely things would work out to his expectations regardless. Luckily for Hitler, this a neat deal appeared to be this case but seldom via the mean which he intended.A foresightful running aim of Hitlers was to pass the Treaty of Versailles, of which the first step was do towards by the reoccupation and militarisation of the Rhineland. The Rhineland was Frances salient barrier between itself and the German threat, and so it would be fair to assume that they would be far more than just displace-sighted to retain its demilitarised state. However, when France signed the Franco-Soviet bargain, Hitler deemed that it had lowly the Locarno treaty, and so employ this as reasoning to reoccupy the Rhineland.The reoccupation in itself was a huge gamble the German soldiery was still nonably weak at this destine, and any opposition from France would result in them having to withdraw immediately. Nonetheless, Hitler disregarded the printing of his generals ( exclusively of whom were opposed to the move), and ordered German forces into the Rhineland on 7th action, 1936, to be met by no opposition whatsoever. There was a diminutive amount of protest from Britain and France, but as Hitler had presumed, they were unwilling to nominate any concrete action a assimilatest him. France was war weary Britain was excruciation economically and concerned with the defence of their conglomerate in the eastern United States. Hitler had further reason for believe this move would be a sure-fire one. Little action had been taken by the League of Nations at Manchuria in 1931, and they were unconvincing to taken any at this point either likewise, Germany now benefited from friendly dealing with Italy, following Hitlers support for the violation of Abyssinia.Appeasement on Britains crash had also vie a scroll in convincing Hitler his actions were achievable. The 1935 Anglo-German naval placement had impellingly bro ken the Stresa front, showing him that he could successfully publicise boundaries. Although all these moves came mountain to world a series of fortunate circumstances (except good traffic with Italy something Hitler had longsighted strived for), a menial amount of skill went into this move. Hitler aimed to isolate France (namely by deny it of its allies) to shop many of his aims simpler, and started to do so by achieving the German- flesh out non aggression pact. This broke the little entente, and began to bring forth a wedge into Europe. This aside however, the reoccupation of the Rhineland was a marginally planned gamble, and by no means a show of uncomplete skill nor exploitation.On 5th November 1937, a secret coming together took place at the Reichstag take chancesllery in Berlin, the minutes of which would get into to be known as the Hossbach Memorandum. It was here that Hitler depict his more drastic future foreign polity aims (including plans for expansion int o Eastern Europe), and the strategies by which he would achieve them. It stated his longing to annex Austria and to crush Czechoslovakia, and the need for war within the conterminous six years, to neutralise an arms race with two nauseate inspired antagonists Britain and France.His strategy for moving into east Europe was via a series of atomic wars to benefit the German economy which, in its strive for autarky, was everyplaceheating and struggling. It was a radical move at the time Hitlers preliminary actions had been hidden low a veil of nationalism, and were never externally Nazi. However, at that place was no rattling plan. There may well necessitate been a strategy that being, the series of small wars but no real time scale or method. It would appear that Hitler, as with the reoccupation of the Rhineland, was intending to grab at opportunities as they arose, rather than tactically planning his actions.Hitlers next territorial reserve move was to achieve the an nexation of Austria. This had already been once attempted in 1934, but failed and left mischievousness transaction with Italy, and Hitler had denied all involvement. Regardless, the second attempt of Anschluss was except planned, and its success was owed greatly to the improvisations offered by Herman Goering. referable to the happy chance being caused by Austrian Nazis, Chancellor Schuschnigg requested a face-off with Hitler. Seizing the opportunity before him, Hitler took the chance to bully Schuschnigg, who emerged from the run into with more Nazis being allowed into to parliament, the freedom of Nazi prisoners and Seyss-Inquart as privileged minister quite the opposite to what he had intended to achieve. It would count that Hitler, rather than exploiting a weakness, had instead created one in his opponent. At this point, it appeared to Hitler that Germany may well be able to hold dominance over Austria without even out the need for an official annexation. However, to hi s anger, Schuschnigg called for a referendum upon his set apart birth to Austria, in which he asked the people to endorse their support for Austrian impendence.Allowing this referendum to take place could have spelt bad news for the possibility of Anschluss a cast out result on Hitlers incision would make it far more strong to achieve the union. As the referendum was so un anticipate, there was no plan from this point onwards. Hitler began to defend squeeze through right-wing Austrian parliament members, demanding that the referendum be cancelled and that Seyss-Inquart supplant Schuschnigg as Chancellor. From here on however, Herman Goering became the man of the hour. He threatened chairwoman Miklas with German onslaught unless Schuschnigg was allowed to resign (which, under pressure, he did), and also dictated a telegram from Seyss-Inquart, inviting the German army to stick in Austria to preserve law and order.Consequently, German soldiers entered Austria on 12th March 1938. Evidently, little skill was played by Hitler here had it non been for Goerings intervention, Hitler and his wish of plan may have been face up with a nonher failed Anschluss. Hitler just assumed no action would be taken a bring inst him by the westerlyern allies, for much the same reasons with the Rhineland, and it would be fair to assume that he had expected Schuschnigg to simply crumble in to his demands. In this situation, Goering was the one marching tactical skill, and not Hitler. chase the fortunate success of Anschluss, Hitler was encouraged to push forwards to Czechoslovakia. His first aim was the predominately German speaking Sudetenland, which he hoped to seize by means of a small war. He was to be approach by Neville Chamberlain and his insurance of appeasement however, with whom he met on fifteenth September 1938, at Berteschgaden. Here, Hitler demanded the swift putsch of the Sudetenland, with threat of military action. No discernible plan from Hitler h ere it appears that he hoped to gain what he desired by threats and pressure. adjacent discussions between Britain and France, it was hold that areas of over 50% German population within the Sudetenland would be turn over over to Hitler, without so much as the formality of a plebiscite. eyesight that he had the upper hand, and knowing that Britain and France were loth to go to war (particularly over Czechoslovakia), Hitler spurned this agreement at his second meeting with Chamberlain on 22nd September 1938, on the grounds that it would take too long to implement. Instead, he demanded that the German army be able to occupy the Sudetenland within 2 geezerhood (claiming that the Czechs were slaughtering Sudeten Germans), and that the Czechs met the territorial demands of Poland and Hungary. Benes rejected these demands, and rebelled against Anglo-French pressure, ordering military mobilisation.On twenty-sixth September, Hitler gave the Czechs 24 hours to agree to hand over the S udetenland before 1st October. The situation at this point looked as though war was on the horizon. Although this was what Hitler had wanted, he had only wanted a local war with Czechoslovakia not a continental one. Still set on avoiding war, Chamberlain asked Mussolini to arrange an other(a) meeting with Hitler. The meeting was held at Munich, between Hitler, Daladier, Chamberlain and Mussolini, where it was agreed that Germany military occupation of the Sudetenland would be phased over 1st-10th October. The Czechs were told to accept these agreements or fight alone.It would seem Hitler had a lot of give thanks to give to Chamberlain and his policy of appeasement. Had he not been set about with this, Hitler would have sent German forces into the Sudetenland with minimal planning or direction. France had military ties with Czechoslovakia, as did Russia (which came into effect only if the French honoured their commitments) although the likeliness of France taking any action was flimsy, it was not impossible, and Hitler may well have been faced countless other forms of opposition. Besides, Chamberlain had handed him barely what he desired on a silver platter anyway and in turn, left open a portal to the recline of a somewhat defenseless Czechoslovakia. Although this was a great foreign policy success for Hitler, there was practically no means for him to exert neither tactical skill nor exploitation anyway. As ever, he gained exactly what he had set out for just through unexpected means. condescension a weak agreement make at Munich to respect the territorial haleness of what was left of Czechoslovakia, Hitler made military plans for an assail on its remains within days of the agreement.He encouraged Poland, Hungary and Romania to demand district from Czechoslovakia, and the Slovaks to demand autonomy. In February 1939, Hitler met with the Slovak leader Bela Tuka, verbalise him to demand complete separation from Czechoslovakia. chairperson Hacha res ponded by declaring martial war to fork out to prevent the break-up, but Hitler retaliated with demands that Slovakia declare its independence, or it would be taken over by Hungary. The Slovak government complied and, in desperation, Hacha visited Hitler quest help to retain the remnants of a broken Czechoslovakia. Wasting no opportunity, Hitler demanded for Czechoslovakia be fall apart a number of hours later, Hacha gave into the demands. On fifteenth March, German troops marched on Prague, and Bohemia-Moravia became a German protectorate. The following day, Slovakia asked for German protection, tether to it becoming a satellite state.Although a situation which was somewhat handed to him as a result of the Munich agreement, some academic degree of tactical skill was evidently used in bringing down the residuum of Czechoslovakia. As a country of respective(a) nationalities, Hitler could see an opportunity to create a great divide amongst them, and used this to his advantage. cunning Hacha wanted to preserve what of Czechoslovakia he could, Hitler utilise him by offering him only the options of German attack or to hand over Bohemia-Moravia. In addition to this, Slovakia was left in such a state of disruption anyway that it became under heavily German influence. For once, Hitler had used his own skill to gain territory, and did so without a single savour being fired and barely any opposition.Poland was next on Hitlers territorial hit list, but it was unlikely to come as easily as his previous gains. Following the fall of Prague, there had been a change in mood from the west towards Hitler he could no longer be trusted. No longer would his desires be handed to him tactical skill was needed if Poland were to be successfully claimed.Ribbentrop had already attempted to conduct a deal with the Poles by offering them guarantees of their borders and the possibility of gains in the Soviet Ukraine if they were to give up Danzig however, fearful of Soviet res ponse, the Polish government did not want to endure involved in such a deal with Germany. In January 1939, Hitler met with Beck, the Polish foreign minister, where he added a demand for a German road/rail bind across the Polish Corridor. To Hitlers surprise, the Poles refused the demand, as they were unwilling to become a German satellite state British and French guarantees of support had made the Poles less wedded give in to German pressure at the expense of their independence. Around mold of 1939 however, it was becoming clear to Hitler that defensive action against Poland needed to be taken.Diplomatic link were formed with Bulgaria, Hungary and Yugoslavia, whilst non-aggression pacts were signed with Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. This was Hitlers means of preparing for war with Poland, which was extended by the affect Nazi-Soviet pact, of 2third August 1939, forged by Ribbentrop. As ideological enemies, it was an unlikely move, but one that Hitler saw advantage to. both( prenominal) countries had lost lands to Poland following WW1, and uniting would render a huge threat to Poland on both fronts, and, in Hitlers eyes, it set-apart Poland from her allies (as he assumed Britain and France would not commit to their guarantees).The pact itself agreed that for the next 10 years, they would remain neutral if the other attacked a third party, and also contained a secret protocol, providing for the partition of Poland and creating Nazi and Soviet spheres of influence in eastern Europe. To Hitler, this had all been a great success not only was he in a great for the impact of Poland, but also for the invasion of Russia later on. German troops entered Poland on 1st September 1939, and to Hitlers dismay, Britain and France declared war on 3rd September.The road leading up to the invasion of Poland shows that Hitler could put tactical skill and exploitation to good use when required. Forging relations with the Baltic republics and small east European nations left Poland with little to no German opposition surrounding it, but Ribbentrops Nazi-Soviet pact was by far the most effective tactic against Poland. It allowed both a great offensive against Poland, and a pathway to the invasion of Russia in the future. As with the Anschluss of 1938, this was a great success in foreign policy but not, for the most part, thanks to himself.It is clear to see that Hitlers foreign policy success rarely laid thanks to his own skill, exploitation or discreet planning, particularly prior to the fall of Prague. Although these feats would unlikely have been achievable without any display of skill, Hitler was very fortunate that the situations around him played well into his hands, such as Britains insistence on appeasement concerning the Sudeten crisis. Hitler also owed a lot of thanks to the likes of Ribbentrop and Goering, each who stepped in and allowed some of the successes to happen. The success of Hitlers foreign policies between 1936 and 1939 did n ot rest on him at all they merely benefited from his actions, the aid of those around him, and the situations which created them.